Failure in a Success Oriented Society in Death of a Salesman

Failure in a Success Oriented Society in Death of a Salesman In the play Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller, the playwright focuses on the theme of failure in a success oriented society. Willy Lowman, a failed salesman, is the central character. Willy’s downfall is caused by his belief in the propaganda of a society that only has room for winners. The significance of this theme, still very relevant today, is heightened by Millers skilful use of a range of key techniques, including setting, characterization and symbolism. The drama focuses on the life of a middle aged salesman, Willy Lowman, who, at the outset of the play is on the verge of a nervous breakdown. He lives with his adoring but over protective wife, Linda, who†¦show more content†¦The world outside Willys small, fragile home seems oppressive and menacing, threatening to swallow up an economic failure like Willy. Willys yearning for the setting of the fresh outdoors and open spaces is echoed by his elder son, Biff, who sees himself at ease in the open country: To suffer fifty weeks of the year for the sake of a two-week vacation, when all you really want is to be outdoors, with your shirt off. In the competitive setting of the city, he feels out of place and unable to work with his hands, a skill which he has inherited from his father who takes pride in building a front porch and putting up a new ceiling. In the country, Biff is not a success according to the capitalist definition because as Willy points out disparagingly: ...he (Biff) has yet to make thirty-five dollars a week! The background story to Willys father is sketched in by Ben against a setting of wild, open spaces across which the craftsman father travelled in a lifestyle reminiscent of the American frontiersmen. He is represented as someone who was true to his own self, not corrupted by materialism and successful in his own way as Ben tells us: Great inventor, father. With one gadget he made more in a week than a man like you could make in a lifetime. The references to the jungle as the setting for Bens ruthless success carries uneasy connotations of a place where only the fittest will survive and in which weakerShow MoreRelated Illusion and Reality in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman Essay785 Words   |  4 PagesIllusion and Reality in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman       In Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman, Willy is depicted as living in his own world. The play centers around the end of Willy’s life, when the real world comes crashing through, ruining the false reality he had created for himself and his family. Throughout the play, Willy Loman uses the concept of being well liked to build a false image of reality, as shown through his teachings to his son, what he considers successful, and hisRead MoreDeath of a Salesman915 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Dream. In what way does Death of a Salesman point out the hopelessness of chasing this dream? Are there any rewards? The idea of the American Dream is truly subjective. To some, it is living in the lap of luxury in all aspects. To others, it is a chance at a better brighter opportunity for themselves or their families. Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman portrays the promise of the American Dream in the form of opportunity, freedom, success and wealth; the ability to acquire allRead MoreIdentifying The Key Demands Of The Question1503 Words   |  7 Pagesare the paragraphs of a sample essay which tries to answer the above question. Introductory paragraph: In the play Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller, the playwright focuses on the theme of failure in a success oriented society. Willy Lowman, a failed salesman, is the central character whose crime , if it can be called that, is believing the propaganda of a society which only has room for winners. Movingly, the play s theme demonstrates how a victim of The American Dream can be destroyedRead MoreDeath of a Salesman Analysis Essay2107 Words   |  9 Pagesequal ability to achieve prosperity and a good life for their family; however, there has been much debate over whether or not the American dream is still obtainable in modern society. One piece of American literature that substantiates the fact that the American Dream can not be gotten is Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman which describes the tragedy of the average person in America. A number of other writers also draw the inability to capture the American Dream. John Steinbeck demonstrates in hisRead More Willy as Pa thetic Hero in Death of a Salesman Essay1536 Words   |  7 PagesWily as Pathetic Hero in Death of a Salesman      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Arthur Miller succeeds in demonstrating incredibly well in Death of a Salesman that not only is tragic heroism still possible in the modern world, but that it is also an affliction to which both king and commoner are equally susceptible.   However, Wily Loman is not a tragic hero because he is pathetic, not heroic, in his personal tragedy that comes from his inability to admit his mistakes and learn from them.   Instead, he fits MillersRead More Degradation of America in All My Sons, Death of a Salesman, and The Crucible.2446 Words   |  10 PagesThe Degradation of America in All My Sons, Death of a Salesman, and The Crucible  Ã‚     Ã‚   Arthur Miller was, as a playwright, very critical of American society.   He condemned every aspect and satirized every ideal of modern American culture, from democracy to the American dream.   He degraded every part of Western civilization down to a much more basic and much more negative idea – capitalism became greed, and rule by the people became rule by the mob.   Many people of his era saw him as anti-AmericanRead MoreThe Death Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller1618 Words   |  7 Pagespieces of literature, such as the Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller, or even the modern classic American Psycho by Bret Easton Ellis. With specific regard to The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the death of the American Dream is seen through the eyes of Nick Carraway as he watches America’s morality and virtue disintegrate before him. The American Dream is supposed to represent the ideal that every U.S. citizen should have an equal opportunity to achieve success a nd prosperity through hard workRead MoreWilly Loman And The American Dream1968 Words   |  8 Pageswhich meaning to stick to. Such is the case even for adults who, for example, dont know which definition of success and the American Dream is the best for them personally. People can lose themselves and what they believe in if they get lost in all of the possibilities of success, and end up as empty shells that never achieved anything. As if in warning, Arthur Millers play, Death of a Salesman, depicts many realizations of the American Dream through its characters, and documents Willy Lomans struggleRead MoreDeath of a Salesman Summary + American Dream5929 Words   |  24 PagesAct 1, Scene 1 Miller begins his play with a bedtime dialogue between Willy and his wife, Linda.   Willy, an aging salesman, has just  returned  late from a business  trip.   Linda is very concerned, asking her husband if he had a  car accident.   Willy tiredly explains that indeed he did have a close call with his  car, veering off the road on two  occasionswhile enjoying the scenery.   Though at first Linda thinks that its a problem with the vehicle, eventually she attributes Willys driving problems toRead MoreEssay on Truett Cathy3208 Words   |  13 Pageschild, experiences as an adult, education and training, personality characteristics, and entrepreneurial activities. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Introduction Have you ever wondered what it takes to be successful? Some people are not born into success or wealth. Many successful entrepreneurs had a vision they turned into reality. Samuel Truett Cathy is one prime example of a man who lived out his convictions. An inventor of the beast-of-chicken sandwich, mall counter service in the days before

The Impact of Global Competition in Operation Management

Managing Hardware Assets * Management challenges By shifting to more up-to-date computer hardware, Organization were able to provide more computing power for their operations. To select the right computers, management needed to understand : 1.How much computer processing capacity its business processes required? 2.How to evaluate the price and performance of various types of computers? 3.To known the financial and business rationale for hardware technology investments. Management also had to plan for future processing requirements and understand : * 1.How the computer worked with related storage, input/output, and communications technology? * Selecting appropriate computer hardware raises the following management challenges:†¦show more content†¦For example :On-line banking has become very important to change its check-handling method. Until recently, the bank stored its 12 million daily checks on microfilm and microfiche, which were not available on-line.. Customers can now view any recent check within one to two seconds. Each check requires about 40,000 bytes, to store checks at current levels in a business that is expanding fast. Electronic commerce and electronic business have put new strategic emphasis on technologies that can store vast quantities of transaction data and make them immediately available on-line. Capacity Planning and Scalability Capacity Planning The process of predicting when a computer hardware system becomes saturated to ensure that adequate computing resources are available for work of different priorities, and that the firm has enough computing power for its current and future needs. scalability The ability of a computer, product, or system to expand to serve a larger number of users without breaking down. Although capacity planning is performed by information system specialists, input from business managers is essential. Capacity planners try to establish an optimum level of service for current and future applications. Outages and delayed response times translate into lost customers and lost revenue. Business managers need to determine acceptable levels of computerShow MoreRelatedOperations Management and Strategies: Crucial to Business Success1334 Words   |  6 PagesOperations Management Global businesses are influenced by effective operations strategies involving operations management. These strategies and management effect on the progression of being successful. Operations refer to the business processes that involve transformation or, more generally, â€Å"production†. It is a crucial key business function and is essential to business success. 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Manager of such global business are faced with many problem and issues, ethical issue and environmental issues, management of global business they learn from suchRead MoreThe Federal Express s Value Creation Frontier Essay1700 Words   |  7 Pagesrivals, and lastly, examine how overall global competition may and/or will impact the new recommended business strategy and in which way will the company confront this global completion. Introduction Initiated in 1971, the Federal Express company has been transforming and/or evolving and thus at the moment, it is not just an express delivery company but it has widened its scope from that to being a globally recognized logistics and supply chain management company. 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3 Dose Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Whooping cough whooping cough is a contagious respiratory piece of land unwellness caused by a fastidious Gram negative coccobacillus, Bordetella whooping cough, or on occasion B. parapertussis ( Edmunds et al. , 2002 ) , with sole affinity for the mucosal beds of the human respiratory piece of land. We will write a custom essay sample on 3 Dose Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is a vaccinum preventable disease recognized world-wide as a extremely infective disease with important associated childhood morbidity, showing clinically as pneumonia, purging, choking enchantments, ictuss, encephalopathy and decease ( Galanis et al. , 2006 ; Health Canada, 2005 ; [ 2 ] . Globally, an estimated 50 million instances of whooping cough disease and 300,000 pertussis- related deceases occur yearly, largely among babies who are excessively immature to hold completed the primary inoculation series ( Halperin, 2001 ) . In the past decennary, an addition in the incidence has been observed in many developed states combined with a displacement in the incidence towards older age groups which may be related to increased consciousness, alterations in disease susceptibleness and vaccinum features, switching demographics, and familial fluctuations [ 2 ] . Although whooping cough is more terrible in babies and immature kids, the increasing incidence in striplings and grownups is a major concern as grownups are an of import beginning of transmittal to babies, infection in grownup cause ‘s important morbidity and high costs [ 3-5 ] . Stoping immunisation with whooping cough vaccinum in Sweden in a antecedently extremely immunised population resulted in the revival of the disease ( Mortimer 1988 ) . By 1994, an estimated 71 million whooping cough instances and 626 whooping cough deceases were being prevented worldwide each twelvemonth through immunisation ( Ivanoff A ; Robertson 1997 ) . In the absence of an immunisation programme 80 % of lasting neonates would get whooping cough in the first five old ages of life ( Fine A ; Clarkson 1984 ) . Due to concerns about safety and efficaciousness of whole-cell whooping cough vaccinum ( Romanus et al. , 1987 ) , diphtheria-tetanus-acellular whooping cough vaccinums ( DTPa ) were included in the Swedish inoculation plan at 3, 5 and 12 months of age in January 1996. Vaccination coverage quickly reached more than 98 % and an intensified clinical certification of reported laboratory-confirmed whooping cough in preschool kids started in October 1997. There was a widespread diminution in whooping cough incidence throughout the state merely four old ages after the debut of DTPa in Sweden, the reported incidence of culture-confirmed whooping cough being 80-90 % lower than earlier DPTa debut. Sweden is a Norse state in Northern Europe, bordered by Norway on the West and Finland on the E, connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Oresund. It is the 3rd largest state in the European Union by country, holding a entire population of about 9.5 million and population denseness of 21 dwellers per square kilometre. Whooping cough Incidence in Sweden before and after debut of noncellular whooping cough vaccinums The incidence rates of whooping cough after the debut of noncellular whooping cough vaccinum were markedly lower compared to before debut ( See graph 1 ) . The decrease of the incidence of whooping cough was most marked in the age groups covered by the three doses of DTPa at 3, 5, and 12 months of age ( 1-2-year-old in 1998 to 1-4-year-old in 2000 ) , with highest incidence happening among babies who were unvaccinated or had received merely 1 dosage of diphtheria-tetanus-acellular whooping cough vaccinum. The incidence among unvaccinated 0-2-month-old kids was 235 per 100,000 individual old ages compared to an mean incidence of 337 per 100,000 individual old ages in that age group during the 10-year period 1986-1995 before debut of DTPa ( RR 0.70, 95 % assurance interval ( CI ) 0.59-0.83 ) . In kids who had received merely one dosage of whooping cough vaccinum the incidence was 230 per 100,000 individual old ages and including all kids in the age group 3-4 months the incidence was 30 4 compared to an mean incidence of 677 per 100,000 individual old ages in that age group during 1986-1995 ( RR 0.45, 95 % CI 037-0.54 ) . A pronounced diminution of the reported incidence occurred after the 2nd and 3rd dosage of DTPa. After the 2nd dosage the incidence was 52 per 100,000 individual old ages. In to the full vaccinated kids ( three doses of DTPa ) the incidence was 11 per 100,000 individual old ages in kids below 2 old ages of age and 37 per 100,000 thereafter. Decreases were besides seen among older preschool-age kids, in the age groups 25-34 old ages of age and in the +35 age groups, but non among kids aged 7-19 old ages. Degree centigrades: Documents and SettingsAdministratorDesktopEdinburgh hebdomad 1ASSIGNMT 2Important also1-s2.0-S0264410X02007776-gr1.gif The one-year incidence of culture-confirmed B. whooping cough was 89-150 per 100,000 before debut of noncellular whooping cough vaccinums. After a rapid bead in 1996-1997 the overall one-year incidence reached 17-26 per 100,000 individual old ages. The overall incidence of notified culture- and polymerase concatenation reaction-confirmed whooping cough dropped from 113 to 150 per 100,000 during 1992-1995 to 11 to 16 per 100,000 during 2001-2004. In countries of enhanced surveillance, the incidence of whooping cough was 31 per 100,000 person-years after 2 doses and 19 per 100,000 person-years after the 3rd dosage at 12 months of age. The age-specific incidence remained low for about 5 old ages after the 3rd dose but increased in kids aged 6 to 8 old ages, going 32 and 48 per 100,000 person-years, severally. Hospitalization due to pertussis During the period of 1997-2000, there were 145 hospital admittances due to culture-confirmed whooping cough among kids born 1996 or subsequently, demoing an overall incidence of 18 hospitalizations per 100,000 individual old ages. Most of these kids were unvaccinated ( n = 116 ) , out of these, 97 including two deceases were below 3 months of age ( incidence 158 per 100,000 individual old ages below 3 months of age ) . There were 25 hospital admittances among kids with whooping cough who had received one dosage of DTPa ( incidence 61 per 100,000 ) , and four among kids above 5 months of age who had received two or more doses of DTPa ( incidence 0.6 per 100,000 ) . The continuance of infirmary stay was longer in the unvaccinated kids compared to the immunized kids: hospitalization for more than 1 hebdomad was seen in 49 % ( 57 of 116 hospital admittances ) among unvaccinated kids, compared to 24 % ( 6 of 25 ) among kids who had received one dosage of DTPa, and none among the four hosp italized kids who had received two or more doses of DTPa. Economic impact of the disease Whooping cough may be a drawn-out, terrible and awful disease ensuing in serious sequelae, doing a considerable hurt to both the kid and the household as a whole ( Johnston et al. 1985 ) . Due to the long- permanent class of the disease, the patients are exhausted, lose appetency and weight, and have disturbed dormant wonts. Behavioral alterations observed in whooping cough patients include crossness, anxiousness, and reverses in development ( Mark A ; Granstrom 1992 ) . The disease hence becomes a â€Å" household matter † ( Mortimer 1990 ) because of societal and economic effects for the stricken households. Episodes of choking, apnoea or cyanosis in sick kids are straitening events for the full household. A survey reported disturbed slumber for 78 % of parents, with 53 % holding to go to to the kid 4 times or more each dark ( Mark A ; Granstrom 1992 ) . The economic effects of the disease include disbursals for medical visits and drugs, and the demand to remain at place f rom work for a drawn-out period to take attention of the sick kid. Meanwhile the cost of a non-hospitalised instance of whooping cough in Sweden is non documented, some European states has been estimated at ?22 per visit ( Netton and Dennet, 1999 ) and a 10-day class of Erythrocin at ?4.40 ( eBNF-36 ) . Hospital stay due to pertussis would be on mean 5 yearss at ?297 ( Netton and Dennet, 1999 ) per twenty-four hours plus extra follow up GP audiences, numbering ?1529 per patient, once more, approximately 12.5 % of hospitalised instances require specializer attention, sing on mean 4 yearss pediatric ITU attention for complications of whooping cough at ?1065 per twenty-four hours ( www.doh.gov.uk/nhsexec/refcosts/refcost2000.pdf ) and 12 yearss general ward stay, numbering ?7868 ( Matt et al. , 2001 ) . In the 1980s, the hospitalization rate attributable to pertussis in Sweden was 12 to 18 per cent for all ages ) and the average continuance of infirmary stay was 8 yearss for babies you nger than 6 months, 6 yearss for kids 6-11 months of age, and 4 yearss for patients older than 12 months ( Romanus, Jonsell A ; Bergquist 1987 ) . Issues coming up Long-run effectivity of this inoculation plan showed increased incidence of whooping cough among 7- to 8-year-olds ( i.e. chiefly noncellular whooping cough vaccine-vaccinated kids ) . This shows waning of vaccine-induced protection from whooping cough. There is a attendant addition in incidence among babies, most probably infected by older siblings, hence inoculation schemes need to be reinforced. Expanded inoculation should hold included adding supporter doses to bing childhood agendas ( preschool or stripling ) ( Gustafsson et al. , 2006 ) . Vaccine boosting has had marked possible benefits in several European states, Canada and USA ( aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. ) . Attempts should be directed to increase or keep coverage of babies with three doses of DPT vaccinum at 90 per cent or higher. Surveillance of whooping cough morbidity should be strengthened and, ideally, whooping cough should stay a reportable disease. Inoculation agenda should hold besides included specific grownup subgroups that have the highest hazard of conveying B. whooping cough infection to babies ( i.e. , new parents, other contacts of neonates, and wellness attention workers ) . Reported informations based on hospitalized instances may endure from disproportional representation of terrible instances in younger kids and babies. During eruptions, describing rates may increase because of temporarily enhanced consciousness of doctors, anxiousness in the community, and media attending ( Crombie 1983 ) . Merely an approximately 5 to 25 per cent of all whooping cough instances are reported in Developed states ( Jenkinson 1983, Hinman A ; Koplan 1984, Clarkson A ; Fine 1985, Thomas 1989 ) and is disproportionately higher for hospitalized patients with authoritative, laboratory- confirmed disease ( Centers for Disease Control 1990 ) . Decision Meeting the GIVS ends would intend protecting kids against 14 diseases which include whooping cough among others. With 90 % of kids under-five old ages old vaccinated against whooping cough among others, by 2015 immunisation could forestall an extra two million deceases a twelvemonth in this age group, doing a major part to meeting MDG 4. While the impact on child deceases entirely would be sufficient justification for the usage of vaccinums, the decrease of long-run disablement among kids and the cost nest eggs from decrease in clinic visits and hospitalization more than warrant their usage in kids everyplace. By maintaining kids healthy, immunisation lengthens life anticipation and the clip spent on productive activity, and thereby contributes to a decrease in poorness ( MDG 1 ) . Harmonizing to Harvard School of Public Health squad â€Å" Healthy kids execute better at school and healthy grownups are both more productive at work and better able to be given to the wellness and ins truction of their kids. Healthy households are besides more likely to salvage for the hereafter ; since they tend to hold fewer kids, resources spent on them go farther, thereby bettering their life chances † ( Bloom et al. , 2005 ) . How to cite 3 Dose Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Drawing characteristic Essay Example For Students

Drawing characteristic Essay There is no straight line except of the cuboids, and no reduplicative units but similar objects comprise a group. The drawing could be en as a combination to seven different group to other pictures; green OF at middle, yellow orange cuboids at right bottom, a group to colored curves at left bottom, short circle tubes at left, colored lines with pink circle at right side and a composition of dotted and solid curves at left upper part of the drawing, The element is containing an identical feature but with various peculiarity to define their dissimilarity. The green objects at middle part Of the drawing have same characteristic Of their similarities in size, shape and color, but they also show their contrast in details. The drawing is not showing the information in two dimension but in four dimension. Normally, a 20 drawing could show information of what and where; however. This drawing indicates what, where, how and when. The drawing uses dotted and solid line to demonstrate the process of development/movement and variability of the elements under a time slot. This would give a feeling that the elements are dancing inside the drawing. INTENTION As an abstract drawing, it is not known that if it was the artists intention to express these ideas. This drawing uses layers of geometric elements to abstractly represent natural, artificial phenomena and human behavior.

Heroism And Myths Essays - Anglo-Saxon Paganism, English Folklore

Heroism And Myths In this age the only way to be classified as a hero is to do something charitable, or standing up for your political beliefs. Our society no longer accepts the war aspect of being a hero. If someone were to single handedly defeat an army he would be given a medal, but be upstaged on the news by the person who donated a million dollars to a special fund. This is not bad, but it has shown how society has changed sense Beowulf's times. The heroes of today are Mother Theresa, Princess Diana, Ghandi, and Martin Luther King Jr., there are many more but none stand out as prominently. Grant it, they are all dead, they all either went out of their way to help others or believed in something so strong they were forever be remembered. Not many people of today would leave their possessions to help poor people or travel through mine fields to see what it is like for everyday travel in some parts or the world, and these examples are few compared to the many heroes of today. Most heroes are everyday people who fight to keep down two jobs to feed their family. In Beowulf's times the more people you killed the more your popularity grew and the more widespread your name becomes. In these times it matters on how many people you save or how much money you donate. Everyone knew of Ted Turner's vast wealth but he wasn't considered such a great guy until he donated a billion dollars to the United Nations. Beowulf saved a lot of people but he did it by defeating monsters and other armies. In his time this gave people hope knowing they had a strong leader now it depends on how nice a leader is and how they can help people. In the times we are in now we consider hospitality and generosity such heroic traits because like to hear about good things happening around the world, so the media takes these good deeds and makes them sound heroic. Heroism is a selfless act of courage but in today's world it is shortened to just a selfless act. The more of these selfless acts you do, the more people will like you. That is why famous people try to do something nice at least once a year, instead of doing these things all the time because they know it's the right thing to do. In conclusion, I think that society has changed drastically in the views on many topics, and heroism is just one of them. The only reason these views change is because society thinks they are doing the right thing by making big deals out of little things. In Beowulf's times one had to earn the title of hero, now they slap it on anyone who does something nice just to better themselves. I am not saying that all people are these false heroes, because the people I mentioned earlier were not false. They really did earn the title of hero.

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buy custom Tourism and Leisure Organizations essay Tourism is the business or industry of providing information, accommodation, transportation and other services to tourists and leisure is time spent away from work, business and domestic chores. According to the Collection of Tourism Expenditure Statistics, tourism grew by 6.6% compared to the previous year. This essay explores critically the relationship between Tourism and Leisure organizations and the Macro business environment. Tourism is a main contributor of GDP of many countries around the world. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how various issues affect tourism and the leisure organizations. The relationship between the business macro environment, tourism and leisure organizations can be categorized into Economic, Social, Political and Environmental factors. Economic Factors The leisure organizations face a lot of competition within the industry and the enlightened consumer has more variety to choose from in terms of destination and other tourist activities. Managers of leisure organizationshave to strategize so as to have competitive advantage over their competitors. Inflation and economic crisis, affect the spending power of the tourist, the destination they choose and the frequency of the leisure activities. Between 2008 and 2009, international tourism declined by about 4-6%, and there was slow growth of 1% of African market (UNWTO World Tourism Barometer 2009, Vol 7). The economic and tourism boom causes increased growth of leisure organizations, which in turn, raises competition (Conrady 2010, p. 75). The Economic crises also affect the level of expenditure for the leisure organizations to market their products and services. Economic crisis and the job cuts result in declining travel volumes for the suppliers. Even when the economy starts improving, not all areas of tourism and the service providers, recover as some are inched out and lose their niche market with entrance of new suppliers. Competition is determined by supplier power, buyer power, threat of substitutes and threat of entry. Social-cultural Factors There is a rowing interest in arts and culture in tourism and the leisure organization need to be able to respond to this demand. A study carried out in Germany showed that 63.3 % of the people travel for cultural reasons. Therefore, art and cultural tourism seem to be increasing in popularity (Survey on Cultural Tourism by Gebeco/TMA/UPB 2009, p.5). A lot of tourists are opting to visit new regions (rural and urban attractions instead of the traditional beach and skiing attractions).There is health tourism here the main reason for travel is personal well being and health by centering the leisure activities to health resorts, spas and mind wellness centers. The destination spas and health resorts present a broad selection of services aimed at improving the well being and relaxation of the mind. They also offer specialized services such as weight loss and other holistic treatments. Festival and events tourism is also common as people travel to celebrate global, national and regional f estivals like Pilgrimages to Israel and Mecca. As a result of recent interest in staying healthy, and to escape the sedentary lifestyle, activity holidays have become necessary too and service providers need to incorporate these activities in the tourism packages offered to people. The business managers for these leisure organizations have to identify a niche market, and adjust to the new tourist trends and still remain profitable while providing the best services to clients. Technological factors Technology in the tourism and leisure activities has brought a lot of changes in this industry. New technology is introduced every so often, and managers of the leisure organizations need to keep abreast with the new gadgets and services available. The main areas in tourism that may be affected by the use of technology are the transport, accommodation and administration functions. Technology seeks to improve on the existing modes of transport to make the safer, faster and bigger. This is through improved engines, aerodynamics and reduction of fuel consumption. Other technological trends that tourism and leisure managers need to be aware of are that the internet can be accessed through other devices, for example, Bluetooth; I sscent technology (Briggs 2011, p.47). Environmental Factors Tourism and leisure organizations are affected by the concern to preserve the environment where they have their activities. This aims to reduce the impact of tourism on the environment, and tourists decision on destinations is also influence by the need to be eco friendly (Conrady Buck 2011, p.93). The number of people choosing eco-friendly tourism holidays is growing faster than those choosing other holidays (Smith-Starmer 2004, p.1).It is essential to conserve the environment, since most tourist attraction are natural resources, which are easily, depleted. Tourism and leisure organizations have to make sure that, the tourist numbers are maintained at a level that does not need exceed the natural habitats capacity. Political factors The political situations in various places that are tourist attractions affect the volumes and frequency of tourism. Tourist fears for their safety and will avoid such places and this affects tourism. In 2009, the unrest in Thailand affected tourism and scared away potential tourists especially Chinese out bound tourists, which are their greatest tourist source (Arlt 2010, p50). Governments policies that affect tourism play a vital role and impact tourism and leisure organization. For tourism to thrive, the government must be committed to boosting tourism growth. This is through attractive environment for leisure organizations to invest in, its commitment to the conservation of the tourist attractions and resources. Tourism can only thrive if the government realizes the impact tourism can have on the economy. Therefore, reduce restrictions that prevent visitors from visiting the specific countries. The laws should also be able to protect the tourist when in those countries, and as lo ng as the tourists feel safe they will market those destinations. In conclusion, the political, economic, social cultural and environmental factors form the macro environment in the tourism industry. It interacts with the tourism and leisure organizations, and this relationship changes from time to time, there for all the stake holders should work to ensure harmony. Buy custom Tourism and Leisure Organizations essay

Alice Walker Everyday Use Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Alice Walker Everyday Use - Essay Example However, a deeper reading makes it clear that becoming â€Å"Wangero Leewanika Kimanjo† is actually a rejection of her roots. The name ‘Dee,’ which has passed down to her through the generations of her family, is more a part of her true heritage than the alien African name she has adopted (Hoel, Para. 17). â€Å"She’s dead,† she says of the old Dee (Walker, Para. 27). Dee â€Å"had hated the house† of her childhood (Walker, Para 10). Dee takes pictures of her mother and sister as if they were curiosities and includes the house and a cow, but not herself. She does not see herself as a part of their world. She takes the churner top and dasher, not as treasured parts of her past life, but as â€Å"mere things or aestheticized objects† (Whitsitt, 8), to be flaunted as artistic curios. Similarly, her desire for the quilts has â€Å"nothing to do with traditions, only with fashion† (Hoel, Para. 16). She desires them as fashion statemen ts and as hand-stitched antiques of considerable monetary value. Dee’s rejection of her family and her contempt for their way of life is a definite denial of her heritage. The modest, stay-at-home Maggie, when compared with the attractive, successful Dee, is not impressive. However, it is Maggie who, like her mother, has â€Å"an inherent understanding of heritage based on her love and respect for those who came before her† (White, Para. 3). To Maggie, the articles of their household are not inanimate objects of idealized art, or curios, but are valued as treasured links â€Å"which represent history and tradition, binding women and men to the past and the past to the present† (Whitsitt, 2). Maggie knows that â€Å"Aunt Dee’s first husband whittled the dash† (Walker, Para.52). Although she shares Dee’s estimate of the quilts, â€Å"But they’re priceless† (Walker, Para. 68), their value to her is based on her love of the people who made them.

MANAGING INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MANAGING INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR - Essay Example A critical analysis and understanding of people’s personality is essential for ardent management of human behaviors especially in organizations large teams of employees. Hopcke (1992) argues that Jung’s typology test aids in assessing someone’s personality and understanding the influence of personal perception on life issues. In fact, it gives an insight of suitable carriers and opportunities available regarding an individual’s personality type. After carrying out the Jung typology test, the results for the questionnaire emerged as follows; moderate preference of introversion over extraversion (56%), slight preference of thinking over feeling(12%), slight preference of thinking over feeling (12%) and finally moderate preference of judging over perceiving (44%). The results are a prospect of my general personality and are important for assessing workplace behavior, interaction with fellow colleagues in the workplace, anger management and motivational factors. Essentially, personality has great influence on someone’s career and performance when assigned tasks. In fact, personality type is a crucial determinant of how an individual relate with coworkers and the type of career to pursue (Hollway, 1991). From the above outcomes, my personality is best suited to working in a quiet place and interacting with just few people or none. The personality type postulated by the above outcomes does not accommodate working in organizations with large number of employees. Unfortunately, most workplace settings involve several employees working together with the aim of accomplishing organizational goals. It is important to examine the personality types of employees in order to discover the place each individual can fit best. For instance, people with introverted personalities work best in a secluded location. On the contrary, people with extraverted personality are suitable working in teams and in areas involving interaction with huge crowds of

5th Amendment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

5th Amendment - Essay Example The rule could also be taken as to follow the Fifth Amendment’s self incriminating command that â€Å"no person shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, and that no person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law. (David W Neubauer. 2006) During arrests, or any police interrogations, the court held in the 1897’s Bram v. United States that involuntary confessions are inadmissible as evidence, though as Davies, Thomas (2003, pg679) commented, â€Å"The distinction between testimonials versus other self incriminating evidence is an issue of continuing debate†. The Miranda rule therefore requires somewhat to be modified. This is on the basis that the Miranda warnings as mandated by the 1966 US Supreme Court decision in the Miranda v. Arizona case is a means of protecting criminal suspect’s right of avoiding coercive self-incrimination. The modification would also be necessary to further strengthen the omission of the Miranda reading as the current rule stands i.e. the Miranda reading may be omitted during arrest e.g. when the evidence is already sufficient for indicting the suspect, or in cases when the suspect is talkative and volunteers information, without being asked. However, the admissibility o f conversations, as evidence is only considered for judgment on a case-by-case basis, and also subject to appeal (pg 810). If the Miranda rule is modified to allow submission of statements obtained in violation of Miranda warnings, it will be more beneficial to the police and the general population because the exclusionary rule prevents the police to effectively solves crimes from violating the civil liberties of the general population. It makes the work of the arresting officers unbearable, since warrants are only issued by judges, on condition that there is â€Å"probable cause† to believe that evidence of

Effect of sleep quality on perceived academic performance

Effect of sleep quality on perceived academic performance Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to study the impact of the quality of sleep of student of premier MBA institutes on their perceived academic performance. This study also aims to establish whether the burnout faced by students behaves as a mediator in the relationship between the sleep quality and the perceived academic performance. Finally, keeping work experience as a moderator, we also aim to study whether students with more than 12 months of work experience show any difference in the results when compared to those with less than 12 months experience. Design/methodology/approach: A questionnaire was designed using 3 pre-existing scales to measure Sleep Quality, Burnout and Perceived Academic Performance. This questionnaire was floated in the electronic format to students of XLRI Jamshedpur and other schools of business in India. A total of 163 students responded with completely filled in surveys. Findings: The study concluded that the Sleep Quality does not have a direct impact on the Perceived Academic Performance in the case of students without work-experience. However, the indirect effect is significant, and Sleep Quality affects Burnout, which in turn has an impact on Perceived Academic Performance. Research limitations/implications: One of the major limitations of the study was that majority of the respondents were from only one Business-school, viz. XLRI Jamshedpur. In order to generalize the result across all B-school students of India, more participants from other B-schools need to be contacted. Also, while the Academic Confidence Scale, used to measure perceived academic performance, is better than using only grades, a better scale needs to be developed to thoroughly measure the performance of students not only in examinations but also in class through learning capacity, etc. Originality/value: Previous studies have identified that there is certainly an impact of duration and quality of sleep on the academic performance of high-school (and younger) students, as well as on the organisational performance of professionals. However, no study has previously been conducted for students of MBA courses. Keywords: Sleep Quality, Perceived Academic Performance, Burnout, Exhaustion Paper Type: Research Introduction As the corporate world begins to get more competitive, greater demands are made by organisations from employees and even more from those in managerial capacities. These demands are met by working professionals who modify their lifestyles in order to dedicate more time and effort towards achieving the high standards set by a demanding corporate world. This includes habits such as skipping breakfast and sleeping less. Such characteristics are observed also among B-school students who live on or near campus. Apart from low duration of sleep, many students also have irregular sleeping patterns and their quality of sleep is often not very high due to disturbances and other reasons. This irregular sleep pattern and low quality of sleep result in a drop in perceived academic performance of students. The high levels of academic rigour encouraged by the premier B-schools of India result in a high requirement of hard work and a very large number of hours per week to be put into coursework. A continued high level of demand can result in students feeling a sense of burning out-which is defined by a drop in motivation levels to work, mental exhaustion and sometimes also leads to students questioning their courses and their own abilities. Irregular and poor quality sleep is likely to result in a quicker onset of burnout among students. It is to be expected that once students start burning out, their performance in class and their confidence in their academic capabilities begin to suffer. Prior studies have observed and established the effect of sleep quality on students of high-school and of younger ages. Some studies have also been carried out on students of under-graduate courses. However, our study is primarily aimed at observing these effects on students of Business schools only. We are also aiming to establish whether or not the burnout level of a student is a significant mediator on the effect of sleep quality on perceived academic performance. Research background and hypotheses Sleep Quality Sleep is a complex phenomenon to measure. Sleep quantity is considered universally as a good measure to evaluate this phenomenon but results indicate that for studies, researchers should use sleep quality than sleep quantity which includes many other factors other than just the duration of sleep (Vail-Smith et al, 2009). In some studies, sleep quality was measured by factors such as sleep environment, noise disturbances, other sleep accessories (Triangle Business Journal, 2010). Many other studies measured sleep by collecting information regarding not just the number of hours of sleep but also time awake in the middle of the night, time taken to fall asleep related factors (Business Wire, 2009) To suit our requirement for measuring sleep quality, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (Sleep Medicine Index, 2010) was used. This index includes not only the number of hours of sleep but also any disturbances in sleep, sleeping waking up time, and the subsequent effects of the sleep pattern on the subsequent days functioning. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) (Buysse et al. 1989a) helps to discriminate between good and poor sleepers. The different dimensions covered by this index are Subjective Sleep Quality, Sleep Latency, Sleep Duration, Habitual Sleep Efficiency, Sleep Disturbances, Use of Sleep Medications, and Daytime Dysfunction. It is comprises of 19 self-rated questions 5 questions that are by a roommate. In the end it generates seven scores by summing up the component scores of the seven components. For our research purpose, we have taken only the 19 self-rated questions only since in the B-School context many students stay in single rooms in hostels. Hence, including the other 5 questions will not aid in the research. For the scale items, see Appendix 1. Burnout No doubt the sleep quality affects the perceived academic performance but it alone will keep the research restricted. Hence, a mediating variable is used to explain the whole effect. So burnout is used as a mediator here. Burnout is a concept that is used mainly in the work related context. It is defined as a syndrome of emotional exhaustion, cynicism or depersonalization, and reduced personal efficacy. Common symptoms of burnout are stress, exhaustion, fatigue, lack of concentration etc. As stated above, usually burnout is used in work related context especially for executives, CEOs etc (Anonymous, 2002); however, we have extended its usage for B-School students as well. Since a B-School environment demands meeting deadlines, toiling hard working for long hours- all of which are reasons that can cause burnout. To measure Burnout, School Burnout Inventory (SBI) is used. This inventory comprises of three dimensions- exhaustion, cynicism towards meaning of school sense of inadequacy. Out of these, only first two namely, exhaustion cynicism are used in our research; inadequacy is not measured since it is not applicable for our sample students. For the scale items, see Appendix 2. Perceived Academic Performance Instead of taking the academic Grade point as a measure of the academic performance of a student, we took the perceived academic performance as an effective construct to measure the capability of a student. Since academic performance means understanding, assimilating reproducing the teachings not getting good grades alone. This has been cited as the militation in many studies before. According to researchers, learning satisfaction from the course sheds more light on the topic of academic performance. (Garger et al, 2010) To measure the perceived Academic Performance for the B-School student, Academic Confidence Scale (ACS) is used. This scale has six factors namely, studying, understanding, verbalizing, clarifying, attendance grades. Out of these, verbalizing clarifying are not very relevant variables in a B-School context since these are basic skills which are expected from all students of B-schools. For the scale items, see Appendix 3. Work Experience as Moderator Research has been done linking sleep deprivation with burnout in corporate environment. The continuous stress that people in jobs feel is more especially at the higher levels in the organization (Anonymous, 2002). This continuous exposure to the high levels of stress gives students with more than 12 months of work experience more ability to handle low quality sleep and therefore, it should not affect their performance. Sleep Quality Burnout Burnout has a variety of causes and symptoms that erode the mental, emotional and spiritual quality of life. (Francis, 2006) Among other symptoms, sleep quality is considered as one of the major symptoms of burnout in humans. During sleep our body releases hormones etc which are used to repair damaged cells etc. Lack of sleep stops this process and hence leads to irritation, frustration, fatigue-all symptoms of burnout (Francis, 2006). Human body has a natural way of relieving stress through sleep (Spencer, 1987). Research has been done linking sleep deprivation with burnout in medical students (Dyrbye et al, 2006) corporate (Anonymous, 2002) but no such study has been done in B-School students. This research gap has been identified used in our model. Burnout and Perceived Academic Performance Students who feel energetic feel the vigour to perform give good academic results compared to their counterparts (Schaufeli et al, 2002). Burnout levels of students indicated by stress, fatigue etc cause low performance by students in academics this result is true not just for people of a particular nationality but has been proved for people of many countries (Schaufeli et al, 2002). This result can be used here as well for linking the burnout to academic performance of B-School students. Since in a B-School environment, there is a high stress work load which causes burnout to a large extend hence can affect the academic performance of the students. Sleep Quality and Perceived Academic Performance In the past, extensive research has been done in the area of sleep affecting academic performance. Most of the students who complained about sleep difficulties showed a drop in the performance compared to the others. (Anonymous, 2008). Regular proper sleep patterns among others are healthy habits which affect the grades a student gets. (Paul et al, 2008). Especially in a college environment, the students who take enough sleep, tend to score better than the others who sleep less. (France. 2009). Sleep patterns of college students are unique since it is influenced by work-related stress, parties, communal living arrangements etc. (Vail-Smith, 2009) This is an interesting observation as peoples attitude here are determined, to a large extent, by the group dynamics. Methods Sample The targeted sample consisted of B-school students studying in a 2-year full-time Post-Graduate course in MBA. Most of the respondents were students of the first year who have spent approximately 9 months in the course. However, some students of the second year have also been contacted to take their responses. The questionnaire, consisting of 33 items, was hosted online on Google Documents and the link to the form was sent personally to students via email and instant messages. The form contained no personal information that could be used to identify the respondents. In total, 163 respondents filled in the questionnaire. Of these, it is estimated that 131 respondents are from among the first and second year students of XLRI Jamshedpur. The remaining 32 respondents are from other institutes across India. Measures Our model consists of 3 constructs and one moderator as given below. The constructs were measured using modified versions of pre-existing scales as indicated below. Figure 1: Model Sleep Quality Work Experience Burnout Academic Confidence Sleep Quality Sleep Quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), a 24-item scale that consists of various types of questions ranging from subjective questions to multiple-choice questions, as well as some questions based loosely on the Likert Scale. Of the 24 items present on the PSQI, we have modified the scale to exclude the last 6 items (refer Appendix 1), since these are not applicable to B-school students. These questions are to be answered if the respondent generally sleeps with a partner or room-mate, and if the room-mate has observed any irregular sleeping patterns. Burnout Burnout has been measured by the School Burnout Inventory, developed by Salmela-Aro et al (Salmela-Aro,K. et al, 2009). This inventory was developed to be used on higher secondary school students and contains 9 items that measure burnout on 3 dimensions-exhaustion due to coursework, cynicism towards school and inadequacy at performing well at school. Of these dimensions, we have chosen to study only exhaustion and cynicism, since inadequacy is not applicable to students of the age of MBA students. Therefore, the scale has been modified to include only 7 questions in the final questionnaire (refer Appendix 2). Perceived Academic Performance The perceived academic performance is measured by using the Academic Confidence Scale (ACS) (Sander, P. Sanders, L., 2003). This scale consists of 24 items based on 5-point Likert scale. The questions measure Academic Confidence in 6 dimensions-Studying, Understanding, Attendance, Grades, Verbalizing, Clarifying. Of these 6 dimensions, the last 2 are not applicable for students of B-schools, since it is assumed that these students would show an accomplished level of verbalizing and clarifying aptitude. Of the remaining questions, we have chosen 8 items (Appendix 3) that display the best coefficients for the remaining 4 dimensions. Analysis The analysis is carried out for both Moderator Analysis and Mediator Analysis. For types of analysis, we are using the four-step method developed by Baron and Kenny (Baron, R.M. Kenny, D.A., 1986). For Moderator Analysis, we initially select all cases for which the student has work experience greater than 12 months and carry out the analysis. Similarly, the same is carried out for students having greater than 12 months of work experience. Finally, all cases are taken to carry out the Mediation Analysis. In order to measure the significance of mediation analysis, the Sobel Test is carried out as well. Results Sleep Quality and Burnout The regression analysis was carried out to find out the relationship between sleep quality burnout. It was carried out for both the values of the bi-variate moderator. Relationship Significance Unstandardised coefficient Standardised coefficient R Square Work experience 0.000 0.453 0.405 0.164 Work experience > 12 m 0 0.428 0.444 0.197 Overall 0 0.461 0.442 0.195 Table 1: Results for Sleep quality Burnout As we can see from the above table, the relation is significant in all the three cases the impact is also almost the same. From the values of beta and B, we can interpret that for every B-School student a poor sleep quality leads to increase in burnout. This could be attributed to the fact that burnout is a physical a mental condition which is same for the all the human beings. Every human being needs sleep to recover energy though the time duration of the requirement may be different. But a minimum amount of sleep is necessary for all. Burnout and Perceived Academic Performance The regression analysis was carried out to find out the relationship between burnout and academic performance. It was carried out for both the values of the bi-variate moderator. Relationship Significance Unstandardised coefficient Standardised coefficient R Square Work experience 0.001 -0.53 -0.355 0.126 Work experience > 12 m 0.002 -0.541 -0.355 0.126 Overall 0 -0.527 -0.353 0.125 Table 2: Results for Burnout Perceived academic Performance As we can see, here also burnout level increase leads to a decrease in the perceived academic performance of an individual. This shows that a persons perceived academic performance is affected by the burnout level. This in turn proves the hypothesis stated and reinforces the previous researches done on the same subject. Sleep Quality and Perceived Academic Performance The regression analysis was carried out to find out the relationship between sleep quality perceived academic performance. It was carried out for both the values of the bi-variate moderator. Relationship Significance Unstandardised coefficient Standardised coefficient R Square Work experience 0.883 -0.040 -0.024 0.001 Work experience >12 m 0.009 -0.443 -0.302 0.091 Overall 0.081 -0.213 -0.137 0.019 Table 3: Results for Sleep quality Perceived Academic Performance As we can see that the significance level is within the confidence interval only for the values with work experience > 12 months. The likely reason for this can be that people with work experience are used to maintaining high pressures on the job. Working round the clock, meeting deadlines etc are a part of their lives and they dont feel much difference when they enter a B-School. In contrast to this, freshers (college graduates) are not accustomed to a hectic schedule. The model with the results is shown below: Figure 2: Model with the moderator values Values on the left hand side are values for work experience less than 12 months; Values on the right hand side are values for work experience more than 12 months *symbolises that the result is significant Discussions and Implications As we can see, that the total effect is significant but is attributed to the indirect effect only and not to the direct effect. Also, the net magnitude of the total effect is very less. The factors that can be attributed to these results can be as follows. Over a period of time, human body adapts itself to any routine. Here the timing of our research plays an important role. Most of our respondents are 1st year MBA students who have spent almost nine months in a B-School. Nine months is a long enough time for the human body to adapt to such any change in routine. Had this research been conducted when the students entered the B-School, results might have been different The age group of all the respondents is between 20 to 30 years. In this age group predominantly, the human body has the energy, stamina the will to withstand any adversities in the external environment. If such a study is conducted in people of a different age group, their body might not have the vigour and will to withstand harsh environment circumstances Also, as we saw that the direct relationship between sleep quality perceived academic performance is significant only in the case of people having work experience more than 12 months. As we know, across B-Schools in India, number of students with prior work experience is less compared to the others. Hence, had the research been conducted for B-Schools overseas as well, the results might have been different with a significant direct effect as well. This research highlights the relationship between poor sleep quality burnout of students in B-Schools. This further leads to a dip in their perceived academic performance. To avoid this, B-school administration should consider preparing the schedule or curriculum of the academic year in such a way that the students dont need to compromise on their sleep quality. This will help them maintain attentiveness, concentration, etc. this in turn will help them improve their perceived academic performance. Also, the hectic life-style in a B-school takes its toll on mental health of the students by making them cynical in their approach towards their courses/academics due to burnout. Limitations Following are the limitations we encountered during this research study: Sample size not large enough: Although, responses from 163 respondents were collected but, still larger number of respondents if covered would lend more accuracy to the research findings. Also, majority of the respondents (about 80%) are XLRI students, research findings could be much more accurate if we can collect more responses from other B-school students. Timing of the survey: Since, after spending about 9-10 months in a B-school environment, students become habitual to this kind of a life style, so the impact of sleep quality on burnout or their perceived academic performance subsides. Had this research been conducted when the students would have just entered the B-school, responses would have been more impactful. Age group of the respondents: Since, most of the students in a B-school are in the age group of 20 to 30 years, they have much more will power their capabilties in terms of adapting to the needs of the environment are much more. Thus, they easily adopt to the lifestyle requirements of a B-school. Homogeneous group: These responses are collected from the respondents belonging to the same race culture, thus, the group is homogeneous. Responses should also be collected from the students of foreign B-schools who belong to different race, culture, religon ethnicity then, the findings would be far more accurate diverse. Group Dynamics: Group Dynamics play a very important role in influencing the behaviour of B-school students. Since, almost everybody sleeps late in the night, so it becomes a norm nobody feels that he/she is not getting enough sleep or he/she is being sleep deprived. Future Scope The scope of this research can be extended in future as follows: Increase the sample size to include students from other B-schools also, not only students from top B-schools. Also, students from foreign B-schools can be included in the sample. Similar research can be done for students who are not B-school students but, tend to follow similar life-style, like aspirants preparing for competitive entrance examinations. As already stated above, this research should include the responses of the students studying in foreign B-schools. Probably, then we will be able to make general statements about the characteristics of all B-school students. We need to measure the effect of Group dynamics also in our research study since group behaviour is known to influence the norms in the group. The timing of the research study is very important. Research should be conducted at the start of the B-school session for new admits who have not become habitual to B-school lifestyle. References Anas, B. (2009), Sleepless On Campus, McClatchy Tribune Business News. Training Development Anonymous (2002), To burnout and back: CEOs are top candidates for stress overload. Admit it or face the consequences, Profit. Toronto: Sep 2002. Vol. 21, Iss. 5; pg. 70 Anonymous (2008), Study Finds Lack of Sleep, Excessive Computer Screen Time, Stress and More Hurt College Students Grades; University of Minnesota study is the first to present data showing direct link between health-related behaviors and grades, PR Newswire. New York Baron, R.M. and Kenny, D.A. (1986), The moderator-mediator distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, Strategic, and statistical considerations, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 51, pp. 1173-82. Bower, B. (2002), Snooze Power, Science News.  Washington:  Vol.  161,  Iss.  22; pp. 341.  Alexandria Vol.  48,  Iss.  11;   pp 8 Business Wire (2009), First-of-Its-Kind Sleep Innovation Helps Consumers Measure and Manage Sleep Quality to Achieve a Better Nights Rest., , last accessed on 23-March-2010 Dyrbye, L.N., Thomas, M.R., Huntington, J.L., Lawson, K.L., Novotny, P.J., Sloan, J.A., Shanafelt, T.D. (2006), Academic Medicine: Volume 81 Issue 4 pp 374-384 France, K (2009), SWArticle: Sleepless on Campus, The Carletonian, 2009 Fall Issue 4, , last accessed on 23-March-2010 Francis, L. (2006), More on Burnout, Qualified Remodeler. Chicago: Apr 2006. Vol. 32, Iss. 4; pg. 22 Garger, J., Thomas, M., Jacques, P.H. (2010), Early antecedents to students expected performance, International Journal of Educational Management, Vol: 24, Iss 2, pp. 129 138 Paul, M., Panton, C., Marzigliano, N (2008), Do Students With Healthy Habits Perform Better In Their Academics? Allied Academies International Conference. Academy of Educational Leadership. Proceedings. Cullowhee:Vol. 13, Iss. 2; pp. 47-55 Salmela-Aro,K., Kiuru,N., Leskinen,E. Nurmi,J. (2009), School Burnout Inventory (SBI): Reliability and Validity, European Journal of Psychological Assessment 2009; Vol. 25(1): pp.48-57 Sander, P. And Sanders, L. (2003), Measuring confidence in academic study: A summary report, Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, No. 5-3 (1), pp.113-130 Schaufeli, W.B., Martà ­nez, I.M, Pinto, A.M., Salanova, M. Bakker, A.B. (2002), Burnout and Engagement in University Students: A Cross-National Study, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology; Vol 33; pp 464 Sleep Medicine Institute (2010), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, , last accessed on 23-March-2010 Sorohan and Gordon, E., (1994), To Sleep, Perchance To Learn, Training Development.  Alexandria:   Vol.  48,  Iss.  11;   pp. 8 Spencer, D. (1987), Spacing Out at Work May Help Ward Off Job Burnout, St. Louis Business Journal. Vol. 8, Iss. 5; Sec. 3. pg. 5C Triangle Business Journal (2010), Soft? Firm? When Choosing a Mattress, One Firmness Does Not Fit All, , last accessed on 23-March-2010 Vail-Smith, K., Felts, W.M. Becker, C. (2009), Relationship Between Sleep Quality And Health Risk Behaviors In Undergraduate College Students, College Student Journal, East Carolina University, Vol. 43 Issue 3, p924-930 Appendix 1 Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index INSTRUCTIONS: The following questions relate to your usual sleep habits during the past month only. Your answers should indicate the most accurate reply for the majority of days and nights in the past month. Please answer all questions. 1. During the past month, what time have you usually gone to bed at night? BED TIME ___________ 2. During the past month, how long (in minutes) has it usually taken you to fall asleep each night? NUMBER OF MINUTES ___________ 3. During the past month, what time have you usually gotten up in the morning? GETTING UP TIME ___________ 4. During the past month, how many hours of actual sleep did you get at night? (This may be different than the number of hours you spent in bed.) HOURS OF SLEEP PER NIGHT ___________ For each of the remaining questions, check the one best response. Please answer all questions. 5. During the past month, how often have you had trouble sleeping because you . . . a) Cannot get to sleep within 30 minutes Not during the past one month _____ Less than once a week _____ Once or twice a week _____ Three or more times a week _____ b) Wake up in the middle of the night or early morning Not during the past one month _____ Less than once a week _____ Once or twice a week _____ Three or more times a week _____ c) Have to get up to use the bathroom Not during the past one month _____ Less than once a week _____ Once or twice a week _____ Three or more times a week _____ d) Cannot breathe comfortably Not during the past one month _____ Less than once a week _____ Once or twice a week _____ Three or more times a week _____ e) Cough or snore loudly Not during the past one month _____ Less than once a week _____ Once or twice a week _____ Three or more times a week _____ f) Feel too cold Not during the past one month _____ Less than once a week _____ Once or twice a week _____ Three or more times a week _____ g) Feel too hot Not during the past one month _____ Less than once a week _____ Once or twice a week _____ Three or more times a week _____ h) Had bad dreams Not during the past one month _____ Less than once a week _____ Once or twice a week _____ Three or more times a week _____ i) Have pain Not during the past one month _____ Less than once a week _____ Once or twice a week _____ Three or more times a week _____ j) Other reason(s), please describe__________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ How often during the past month have you had trouble sleeping because of this? Not during the past one month _____ Less than once a week _____ Once or twice a week _____ Three or more times a week _____ 6. During the past month, how would you rate your sleep quality overall? Very good ___________ Fairly good ___________ Fairly bad ___________ Very bad ___________ 7. During the past month, how often have you taken medicine to help you sleep (prescribed or over the counter)? Not during the past one month _____ Less than once a week _____ Once or twice a week _____ Three or more times a week _____ 8. During the past month, how often have you had trouble staying awake while driving, eating meals, or engaging in social activity? Not during the past one month _____ Less than once a week _____ Once or twice a week _____ Three or more times a week _____ 9. During the past month, how much of a problem has it been for you to keep up enough enthusiasm to get things done? No problem at all __________

The Career of Engineering Essay -- Descriptive Careers Engineer Essays

The Career of Engineering Take a look around yourself. What do you see? Maybe books, chairs, a television, or even your clothes. All the day to day things that are man-made, you can be sure that an engineer helped make it. Engineers have shaped our world as we know it. There are many different kinds of engineers from chemical, mechanical, textile, civil, agricultural and structural engineers. Our civilization would be as advanced as the Stone Age without these people. This career demands a wide education of math and science. It is an ever-changing career with new advances in materials and the way products are produced. Engineering careers are very secure with respect to compensation. Regardless of this, it does have it’s disadvantages as well. All and all engineering is demanding, but well worth the work.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The education of an engineer is probably the most demanding as far as the mastery of the material given as any other degree. Usually in their first year, a student will be put into a special program that starts the course load with math and science. These are the basis for every engineer’s education. After the first two years of the program, the student chooses exactly what field of engineering he or she would like and finishes out their degree concentrating on that particular field. Towards the end of their college career, the student will usually be offered a job by recruitment or they are hired after they graduate. Most employers seek out four-year graduates with a degree in a specific area of concentration.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Engineering has many advantages to offer. The best would probably be the salary. A student with an engineering bachelors degree will be offered a higher paying job on average than any other bachelors degree offered. (Basta 12) An average annual salary in a starting Federal Government position was $96,370 in 1994. Along with high wages comes job security. Even when the economy is bad, unemployment of engineers will only rise one or two points on average. (Kirby 64) Other advantages include interesting work, creative work and working with the latest technological advances in the field you choose to go into. Engineering as a whole shows many superior qualities over other jobs, but it also has its disadvantages.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Engineering degrees require the most math and science of any other degrees offered. The study is extremely hard w... ...ix it by creating a new system or device and being able to say that I made that, I invented that. Being an engineer has been one of the most personally satisfying jobs I have ever had. (Steele) None the less, the career of engineering is one that provides many benefits to the ones who are willing to work for the degree. This field has a variety of areas to excel in. It provides creative work, the chance to work with a team, and the compensation is far from the average. Engineering is also one of the most important careers in our society. Without it, our civilization would be nothing like it is today; and the pleasures that many of us take for granted would not be here to comfort us. Bibliography Basta, Nicholas. Engineering Careers Lincohnwood, Illinois: Career Horizons 1996. Clancy, Tom. Submarine: A guided tour inside a Nuclear Warship. New York, New York: A Berkley Book, 1993. Kirby, Shelton, Richard. Engineering in History. New York, New York: McGraw Hillbrook, 1956 â€Å"Nuclear Engineering†. EXPAN Career Description. â€Å"Engineering†. Encyclopedia Britannica Online, Accessed February 23, 1999. Copyright, 1994. Joe Steele, Personal interview 3, March 1999.